Junaid nawaz khattak student of pharmacy 3rd professional abdul wali khan university mardan kpk pakistan 2. The chemistry of essential oils, and their chemical components most people either use essential oils for their therapeutic effect or for the fragrance alone but it is also interesting to take note of the chemistry, of which the oils are made up from it is interesting to know the chemical components that nature combines to make up the oils, but it is also humbling to take note of the fact. Aqueous, methanol, ethyl acetate, acetone and petroleum ether extracts were prepared to examine the total phenolic content, flavonoid concentration and antioxidant activity. Volatile oil should, therefore, be stored in tightly closed ambercoloured bottles in a cool, dry place. New phenolic ethers from essential oils of some rutaceae.
Comparative study for the volatile constituents and the. In biochemistry, naturally occurring phenols refers to phenol functional group that is found in natural products. Mildly acidic, it requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale about 7 billion. Phenolic compounds flavonoids flavones and flavonols. Volatile phenols contribute characteristic odors to various foods and beverages, including wine.
Phenolic compound concentration in the fixed and volatile oils extracted from s. Analyzing alcoholic beverages by gas chromatography. Determination of phenols, flavones, and lignans in virgin. Antioxidant activity of the volatile oils of zingiber. Volatile oils evaporate on exposure to air at ordinary temperature and are the odorous constituents. Because of their distinct characteristic aroma they are used extensively as pharmaceutical aids, perfumery and confectionery. The amount of phenolic compounds previously reported for other rosemary extracts was quite variable and ranged from 39. Sievees, formerly mochemist, division of tobacco, medicinal, and special crops, bureau of plant industry, soils, and agricultural engineering, agricultural research administration contents page introduction 1. The deterioration is accompanied by change in colour, or increase in viscosity of the oil, or change in odour of the oil. Volatile oils vo are extracted from plants to produce essential oils, and are some of the most important medicinally active plant constituents. A simple analytical method for the quantitative determination of phenols, flavones, and lignans in virgin olive oils was developed. The extracts were prepared with three solvents of different polarity n hexane. The antioxidant activity cannot be only due to the presence of phenolic group whereas ketones, aldehydes, hydrocarbons and ether also show free radical scavenging activity of some essential oils like thymus caespititius, thymus camphoratus and thymus mastichina show an antioxidant activity with high contents of linalool and 1,8.
It is used as carminative, stimulant, and flavouring agent. It is evident, therefore, that the neutral oils or urogon isolated from cow and goat urine are identical and that they consist of a mixture containing principally pcresol with a small percentage of a nonphenolic volatile oil having the composition expressed by the formula c1,hj60. Volatile oils are also called essential oil because they produce essence. Elbastawesy 2, mohamad gamil abdel monem 3, zekry khalid zekry 4, hussain a. The polyphenolic composition was assessed by ultrahigh performance. Foodbalt 2008 99 phenolic compounds in basil, oregano and thyme zanda kruma 1, mirjana andjelkovic 2, roland verhe 2, viesturs kreicbergs 1 1latvia university of agriculture, faculty of food technology, liela str. Phytochemical profiling of flavonoids, phenolic acids. Storage of volatile oils certain volatile oils are liable to deteriorate on keeping. Clove oil, myrcia oil bay oil, organum oil, pinetar, thyme etc. Phytochemistry essential oils phenols and phenolic ethers. Evaluation of volatile oils extracted from cumin seeds, orange peels and fixed oils from black cumin seeds mervat eldemery1, msotafa a. They are of particular importance to the flavor and appeal of smoked foods and historically the. Methods of extracting volatile oils from plant material and the production of such oils in the united states.
Total phenolic content of the essential oils was determined using the folinciocalteu reagent. Diethyl ether and methanol were purchased from fisher chemicals pittsburgh, usa. Volatile or essential oils convert to vapours even at room temperature. Phenolic compounds are produced by plants and microorganisms. Smeared on paper, they give a translucent strain which temporary only, disappearing as the oil volatilizes. They are also widely used in aromatherapy often called aromatics as they are usually responsible for the distinctive odour of a plant. The yield of extract obtained from 10 g of dry plant material was measured for each extract table 1. The mixture of nalkanes c6c26, authentic compounds, sodium. Assessment of volatile oil composition, phenolics and antioxidant activity of bay laurus nobilis leaf and usage in cosmetic applications. Flavonoids and phenolic acids as potential natural. Lignin economics will be a factor for its potential use in phenolic resins. As they evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperature,they are also called ethereal oil.
Gas chromatography can be used to analyze these compounds without preliminary extractions. Phenolic waste waters of coke production or low pressure gasification of coal in gas generators usually contain 35 g1 volatile and about 3. What is the difference between volatile and nonvolatile oils. A portion of 500 g, 250 g and 150 g of the leaves, flowers and stems of this plant respectively were subjected to hydrodistillation process for three hours. These volatile oils are generally liquid and colorless at room temperature. Alcoholic beverages contain a wide range of volatile compounds, including alcohols and shortchain aldehydes. Hydrocarbon volatile oils turpentine ketone volatile oils caraway oxide volatile oils chenopodium phenolic ether volatile oils anise phenol volatile oils clove ph103. Organisms sometimes synthesize phenolic compounds in response to ecological pressures such as pathogen and insect attack, uv radiation and wounding. The essences are complex mixtures whose composition may include volatile terpenic compounds, which have the formula c 5h8 n, where the compounds are monoterpenes if n 2, sesquiterpenes when n 3, diterpenes when n 4, etc. They are complex mixtures often of 100 or more compounds made. They have high refractive index and are optically active. For example,aoac international has published methods for the analysis of fusel oils, methanol, ethanol, and higher alcohols by gc. To access the different 89 contributions of both extracts, their dpph 2,2diphenyl1picrylhydrazyl radical 90 scavenging activity, reducing power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by decreasing.
The others are known under the common name laurel oil oleum lauri expressum, oleum laurinum, and oleum lauri unguinosum. The object of the present investigation was to isolate and identify these sub stances or at least to determine the properties and composition. The preceding two samples of oils obtained from the second centrifugation process were mixed with tap water in a ratio of 10. In 1910 he burnt his hand badly in his laboratory and treated his badly burnt hand with pure undiluted lavender oil, which not only immediately eased the pain, but also helped heal the hand without any sign of infection or scar. Essential oils are a product obtained from vegetable raw materials berger, 2007. Phytochemical profiling of flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and volatile fraction of a rosemary rosmarinus officinalis l. A no of phenolic ether occurs in volatile oils such as anethol from anise and fennel, safrole from sassafras etc. Phenol volatile oils anethole, safrole, myristicin. The polar fraction was isolated from small amounts of oil sample 2. Antioxidant activity and volatile and phenolic profiles of. Methods of extracting volatile oils from plant material.
The odorous, volatile principle of plant and animal source are known as volatile oil. Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research, 2016, 86. Essential oils are soluble in alcohol, ether, and fixed oils, but insoluble in water. Pdf phytochemical profiling of flavonoids, phenolic. Research article open access terpene constituents of. Volatile oils and resins authorstream presentation. The oils and tars are removed from raw phenolic waste waters in sedimentation tanks followed by flotation through coke beds. As volatile oil oils are responsible for the essence or odour of the plant they are also known as essential oils. Pdf assessment of volatile oil composition, phenolics.
Phenol is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula c 6 h 5 oh. They have a characteristic odor, are usually liquid at room temperature and have a density less than unity, with the exception of a few cases cinnamon, sassafras, and vetiver. Therefore, volatile oils should be preserved properly in well closed, well filled containers away from light and in cool place. The escalating cost of energy and its impact on phenolic resin raw materials, resin production, and processing of phenolic resins by customers is of paramount. The chemistry of essential oils the lowdown and upside. It contains volatile oils about 14% the chief constituents of which are anethole 5060% and fenchone. Volatile oils are slightly soluble in water but are readily soluble in ether, alcohol and most of organic solvents. Volatile oils spices dried, fragrant, aromatic or pungent plant parts that contain a volatile oil used primarily in food as a seasoning rather than for nutrition monoterpenoids phenylpropanoids phenolsphenolic ethers many volatile oils and spices consist largely of. The antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity of the essential oil and three different extracts of wildly grown mentha longifolia m.